Prevalence and risk factors for stroke: A systematic review of the literature

Abstract

Introduction. Stroke is recognized as one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, constituting a major public health concern. In this context, its occurrence is associated with multiple determinants, including pre-existing clinical conditions, lifestyle behaviors, and sociodemographic factors, which highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of its distribution and predisposing elements.Objectives. To identify the frequency of stroke reported in the scientific literature and to analyze the main factors associated with its development, with emphasis on modifiable and non-modifiable components related to disease risk.Justification. This study is justified by the high epidemiological burden of stroke and the significant impact this condition exerts on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. The systematization of available evidence supports the planning of preventive actions, health surveillance strategies, and the improvement of care practices.Methodology. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using scientific databases, including Public/Publisher MEDLINE (PubMed) and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), covering articles published between 2020 and 2025. The descriptors employed were related to frequency, associated determinants, and stroke. Studies presenting epidemiological data and analyses of factors related to the occurrence of stroke in different populations were included.Results and discussion. The findings indicate that the occurrence of stroke varies according to geographic region, age group, and population profile. Furthermore, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, tobacco use, and physical inactivity emerge as frequent associated factors, in addition to the influence of aging and unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. In this context, the literature suggests that the lack of effective preventive measures and delayed diagnosis contribute to the persistence of high disease rates.Conclusion. Stroke presents a multifactorial etiology and wide population distribution, requiring integrated strategies for prevention and control.