Irisina: mecanismos moleculares, sinalização sistêmica e perspectivas translacionais de uma miocina induzida pelo exercício: uma revisão narrativa crítica e aprofundada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69849/b8294w45Palabras clave:
Irisina, Exercício, Miocina, Sinalização, MetabolismoResumen
Esta revisão narrativa crítica e aprofundada examina o papel da irisina, uma miocina induzida pelo exercício, como um mediador central da comunicação interorgânica. A irisina, um peptídeo derivado da clivagem proteolítica da proteína FNDC5, é regulada pelo coativador PGC-1α e atua sistemicamente ao se ligar ao seu receptor, a integrina αV/β5. A partir dessa interação, desencadeia uma complexa rede de sinalização intracelular que envolve vias como AMPK, MAPKs (p38 e ERK1/2) e PI3K/AKT, modulando processos fundamentais como a biogênese mitocondrial, o metabolismo da glicose e lipídios, e a resposta inflamatória. O texto analisa detalhadamente seus efeitos tecido-específicos, incluindo a indução do browning no tecido adiposo, a melhora da captação de glicose e da função oxidativa no músculo esquelético, a neuroproteção e promoção da plasticidade sináptica via eixo BDNF no sistema nervoso central, a vasodilatação dependente de óxido nítrico no sistema cardiovascular e os efeitos anabólicos no tecido ósseo. Apesar do potencial translacional promissor para doenças metabólicas, neurodegenerativas e cardiovasculares, o campo é marcado por controvérsias significativas, especialmente quanto à acurácia dos métodos de quantificação (ELISA vs. espectrometria de massas), a extrapolação de modelos animais suprafisiológicos e a escassez de ensaios clínicos robustos em humanos. Conclui-se que a padronização metodológica e a realização de estudos clínicos intervencionais são imperativas para validar a irisina como um biomarcador confiável e um alvo terapêutico viável.
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